A. Toynbee "Universal States: Ends or Means?"

Excerpts from "A Study of History", abridged, illustrated, chapters 32-33.

I have referenced Arnold Toynbee, an encyclopedic historian a few times in interviews, most recently in this discussion with James Delingpole:

My recent discussion with James Delingpole

There is a misunderstanding, usually divided along political party lines, about the United States and other nominally sovereign independent countries of the world. Typically the “leftists” call them “democracies”…